traditional IRA

The traditional IRA is one of the best options in the retirement-savings toolbox. You can open a traditional IRA at a bank or a brokerage, and the universe of investments is wide open to you. But with that freedom comes responsibility. Traditional IRAs have a lot of rules—break one and you could face a penalty. Follow those rules, however, and you can end up with a sizable chunk of change down the road.

To make the most of a traditional IRA, here are 10 things you must know.

Saving Tax-Deferred Can Boost Your Nest Egg

A traditional IRA can be a great way to turbocharge your nest egg by staving off taxes while you're building your savings. You get a tax break now when you put in deductible contributions. In the future, when you take money out of the IRA, you pay taxes at your ordinary income rate. That means you can end up with hundreds of thousands of dollars more by maxing out contributions to an IRA each year compared with putting the funds in a regular savings account.

IRA Contribution Limits

There is an annual limit on how much you can contribute to an IRA. For 2022, the cap is $6,000 for an individual. People 50 and older by the end of the year can stash away an extra $1,000. Those amoutns remain unchanged from 2021. If you also invest in a Roth IRA—the traditional IRA's tax-free sister, in which you stash after-tax money in exchange for future tax-free withdrawals—the total amount of money you can contribute to both accounts can’t exceed the annual limit. So if a 40-year-old puts $3,000 into a Roth IRA, he can only stash $3,000 in a traditional IRA. If you put in more than the annual limit, you may have to pay a 6% excessive-contribution penalty to the IRS.

Your earnings for the year, though, must cover the IRA contribution. For example, if you earn $4,000 for the year, that's the maximum you can contribute to an IRA. A tip for parents and grandparents: There is no minimum age for contributing to an IRA. If your child or grandchild earns $2,000 from a summer job, for example, he can put that money into an IRA. Or you can put it in for him. As long as he has earned enough money to cover the contribution, the actual money put in the account can come from you.

Self-employed people and small-business owners, take note: You can open a SEP IRA, which allows you to contribute up to 25% of your income with maximum tax-deferred savings of $61,000 for 2022, up from $58,000 in 2021.

Nonworking Spouses Get Their Own IRAs

While generally you must have earned income to be able to contribute to a traditional IRA, there is an exception for nonworking spouses. In this case, a working spouse can fund a "spousal IRA'' for the nonworking spouse.

Say the husband works outside the home, while the wife is at home taking care of the kids. As long as he earns enough income during the year to cover both contributions, he can max out separate IRAs for both himself and his spouse, for a total of up to $12,000 for 2022 (or $14,000 for those 50 and older).

The IRA Contribution Deadline Falls in April

Many tax deadlines fall at the end of the year. But there is an exception for IRAs. You can contribute up to the annual limit by the income tax deadline and still have the contribution count for the previous year. For example, if you didn't contribute to your IRA in 2021, you can still stash up to $6,000 ($7,000 if you’re 50 or older) for 2021 in a traditional IRA by April 18, 2022. And if you want, you can contribute money for this year to your IRA at the same time.

You Can Have Both an IRA and a 401(k)

What if you have a 401(k) at work? You can max out the contributions to your workplace plan and to an IRA.

However, the tax deduction for IRA contributions is phased out for single filers covered by a workplace retirement plan who have modified adjusted gross income between $68,000 and $78,000 in 2022. For married couples filing jointly, in which the spouse who makes the IRA contribution is covered by a workplace retirement plan, the income phase-out range is $109,000 to $129,000.

For an IRA saver who is not covered by a workplace retirement plan and is married to someone who is covered, the deduction is phased out if the couple’s income is between $204,000 and $214,000.

You Can Make Nondeductible Contributions to an IRA

If you don't qualify to deduct your IRA contributions, you can still stash money up to the annual limit in a traditional IRA. But be aware that making nondeductible contributions to an IRA will complicate your life when it comes time to withdraw funds from your IRA.

You can't just remove the after-tax contributions separately as tax-free withdrawals. Instead, each withdrawal from a traditional IRA will be a combination of your nondeductible contributions, your tax-deductible contributions and all their earnings. For example, say you want to withdraw $10,000 from a $300,000 IRA that holds $30,000 in nondeductible contributions. Because those nondeductible contributions make up 10% of your total IRA balance, 10% of your $10,000 withdrawal, or $1,000, will be tax-free.

Because that ratio can change, you have to refigure the pro rata calculation each time you make a withdrawal. A better idea for retirement savers: If your income is too high to make tax-deductible contributions to a traditional IRA, but not high enough to block contributions to a Roth IRA, fund the Roth. All Roth IRA withdrawals in retirement will be tax-free.

Beware Tax Danger When Transferring Money Into an IRA

When you change jobs or retire, you can choose to roll your 401(k) into a traditional IRA. But be careful: If the company cuts a check payable to you, 20% of the funds will be withheld for taxes.

The best route is a direct rollover from the 401(k) custodian to the IRA custodian. That way, the money never reaches your hands, and there's no risk of triggering an accidental tax bill.

If you are moving money from one IRA to another—say, to switch custodians or consolidate accounts—request a direct transfer from one trustee to the other.

You Can Make Early Withdrawals From an IRA

Although it's ideal to not touch IRA money until retirement, sometimes life gets in the way and you may want to access the money earlier. If you tap your IRA before you turn 59 1/2, you will have to pay a 10% early-withdrawal penalty, on top of the tax bill.

However, there are exceptions to the IRA early-withdrawal penalties – including using the money to pay the costs of a first-home purchase or unreimbursed medical expenses.

Kip tip: If you know you will need some of your IRA money to supplement your income before age 59 1/2, you can set up "substantially equal periodic payments" to avoid the penalty. Be certain you will really need the money. Once you start SEPP payments, you must take them for at least five years or until you turn 59 1/2, whichever is longer. Learn more about SEPP payments by reading A Penalty-Free Route to Tap an IRA.

You Must Take Required Minimum Distributions From Your IRA

All good things must come to an end, and such is the case with the tax deferral of a traditional IRA. Eventually, you will be required to withdraw a minimum amount from the account each year, known as a required minimum distribution or an RMD. However, the SECURE Act passed in 2019 implemented important changes to RMDs – pushing back the age at which RMDs are first required from 70 ½ to 72.

If you turned 70 ½ in 2019, you should have taken your first RMD by April 1, 2020.

For those who reached the age of 70 ½ in 2020, you don’t have to take your first RMD until April 1 of the year after you have turned 72. For example, if you will turn 72 in 2021, then you won’t need to take your first mandatory payment until April 1, 2022.

But delaying your first payment until April 1 of the year after you’ve reached the mandatory age means you will have to take your second RMD that same year. All subsequent RMDs must be taken by Dec. 31.

Taking two RMDs in the same year can increase your taxable income, pushing you into a higher tax bracket. That means a larger portion of your Social Security income could be subject to taxes.

You could also end up paying more for Medicare Part B or Part D if taking two RMDs in a year increases your adjusted gross income and tax-exempt interest income over a certain threshold.

The amount you have to take out is determined by your IRA balance and your age. The older you are, the larger the percentage of the balance you'll have to take out. You can figure out your mandatory distribution with our online RMD calculator. But just because you have to take a distribution doesn't mean you have to spend the money; you can conduct an in-kind transfer of investment shares to a taxable account if you don't want to cash them out.

The Rules Are Changing for Your IRA Beneficiaries

When you open a traditional IRA, you can name both primary and contingent beneficiaries. Your IRA beneficiary designations will override any instructions in a will.

But the rules for managing an IRA inheritance are different for spousal heirs and nonspousal heirs.

Spouses have a lot of leeway; they can remain a beneficiary of the IRA, or they can take the account as their own. Spouses who take the IRA as their own don't have to take RMDs until they turn 72.

But spouses who are younger than 59 1/2 and want to tap the account should consider remaining a beneficiary, because the money won't be subject to the 10% early-withdrawal penalty.

The SECURE Act changed some of the rules for nonspousal heirs. The legislation essentially eliminated stretch IRAs, which allowed nonspousal beneficiaries to take required annual distributions based on their life expectancy, not the original owner’s. IRAs that were inherited prior to Dec. 31, 2019, can still take advantage of this strategy.

Nonspousal beneficiaries who inherited an IRA – either a traditional or Roth IRA – after that date must now withdraw the money from the account within a decade. There are a few exceptions to this. If the beneficiary is disabled, a minor child of the original owner or less than a decade younger than the original owner, then they can continue to stretch out the RMDs.